The posterior layer lies between the lumbar and sacral spinous processes laterally over the surface of the erector spinae muscles. It has anterior, middle, and posterior layers. It attaches laterally to the transverse processes and angles of the ribs. This fascia extends in the midline from the medial crest of the sacrum to the ligament nuchae and skull. The deep fascia forms a sheath known as the thoracolumbar fascia, which exists in the thoracic and lumbar regions. A deep fascial layer covers the intrinsic muscles. These muscles are responsible for the motion of the axial skeleton. The final group of muscles is known as intrinsic or deep back muscles. In addition to supporting respiratory function, these muscles are also involved in supporting the trunk, posture, and locomotor functions of the whole body. These groups allow primary movements in the back, including flexion/extension, rotation, side bending, a locomotor function of the limbs, and assistance in the respiratory effort. These muscles are grouped as the intrinsic muscle group, also known as the deep, superficial, and intermediate muscle groups. In addition to the bones, three groups of muscles comprise the back. They functionally provide a bony attachment for several muscles, including the rotator cuff muscles of the upper extremity. Two bony scapulae are situated on either side of the spinal column laterally. Ribs articulate with the twelve thoracic vertebrae. The column is a continuation of the seven cervical vertebrae in the neck and is composed of twelve thoracic vertebrae, located more superiorly, and five inferior lumbar vertebrae. The spinal column is composed of bony vertebrae, which house and protect the human spinal cord. Running centrally down the posterior midline is the spinal column. It primarily serves as the primary structural support for the human torso and allows flexibility for movement. The back serves many different functions in the human body. While in lower animals, it helps to sustain the head position it is exclusively the rudiment of an important ligament in humans. It starts from the external occipital protuberance and attaches to the spinous process of the cervical vertebrae. One of these ligaments, the ligamentum nuchae, is a fibrous membrane. Moreover, there are a number of ligaments that lie between the thoracal vertebrae and the parts of the ribs and between successive vertebrae. The middle fibers of the transversus muscle and upper fibers of the internal oblique muscle lie as the thoracolumbar fascia. The thoracolumbar fascia (TLF), which also may be classified as a strong aponeurosis, is located between the twelfth rib and the iliac crest. The deep fascia of the neck and the back area, a dense fibrous structure, is attached to the occipital bone, spinous processes of the vertebrae, and the iliac crest. This fascia is continuous with the superficial fascia of the cervical, gluteal, and upper extremities. It is made up of areolar connective or adipose tissue immediately deep side of the skin of the back. The superficial fascia acts as a layer of thickness and strength. The back is covered by the superficial and deep fascia. This article examines the back muscles in the deep, intermediate, and superficial groups. In some literature, these muscles are also termed extrinsic and intrinsic back muscles. The back muscles are divided into three layers deep, intermediate, and superficial. Some of the back muscles attach to the lateral and posterior processes of the vertebrae and help the spine maintain an upright posture, while others are involved in upper extremity movement. The primary movements of the back are flexion/extension, lateral bending, and rotation of the trunk. The back consists of skin and fascia overlying the spine, scapulae, muscle groups, nerves, vessels, and the presacral vertebrae. It lies with the neck superiorly and the pelvis inferiorly. In the posterior segment, the body area between the neck and gluteal regions is defined as the back region. The spine, located in the midline, divides the body into unequal anterior and posterior segments. The back is a key topographical region of the body, with crucial importance for posture, locomotion, and upper and lower limb movements.
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